13^th European Epidemiology and Public Health Congress December 14-15, 2023 Rome, Italy

Covid-19 or coronavirus is a novel virus with high affinity to spread in the community In December 2019; it was first identified in Wuhan, China. Older people and those with elemental medical problems like diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. Protect yourself and others from infection by washing your hands or using an alcohol-based sanitizer’s rub frequently and not touching your face.

Symptoms of Coronavirus:

• Fever
• Tiredness
• Dry Cough

Few people may also experience:

• Nasal Congestion
• Runny Nose
• Sore Throat
• Aches and Pains
• Diarrhea

The branch of science which deals with the diseases, possible control of diseases and factors connected to health is known as epidemiology. This helps to know patterns and determinants of health and diseases. This is a major aspect for public health as it identifies the risk factors for diseases and targets preventive health care. The word epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and causation of not only epidemic disease, but of disease in common, and even many non-diseases, health-related conditions, such as high blood pressure, depression and obesity. 

Health education is a social science that draws from the mental, physical, biological, environmental and medical sciences to endorse health and prevent defects, disease and adolescent death over education-driven amenable behavior change activities. Health education is any combination of learning experiences planned to facilitate voluntary actions favourable to health. Health promotion is the consolidation of environmental and educational supports for actions and conditions of living favourable to health, thereby including health education.

Importance of Health Education:

• Maternal and infant health
• Chronic disease prevention and awareness
• Good nutrition
• Behavioural health
• Exercise and obesity prevention
• Maintain hygiene environment

A vaccine can gives active immunity against specific injurious diseases by stimulating the immune system to attack the agent. After stimulated by a vaccine, the antibody-producing cells, which are ready to acknowledge to the agent should it ever gain entry to the body. A vaccine also confers passive immunity by providing antibodies or lymphocytes already formed by an animal or human donor. Vaccines are generally administered by injection, but some are given orally or even nasally. Vaccines applied to mucosal surfaces, seem to stimulate a greater antibody reaction and may be the most effective route of administration.

Emerging infectious diseases‎ are serious public health threats, all around. An emerging infectious disease is either that has appeared and affected a population for the first time, or has existed formerly but is fast spreading. Nipah virus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and avian influenza virus are samples of diseases that have recently emerged and have affected the world. Emerging infectious diseases pose a significant warning to global health security. Unfortunately, many of these diseases do not have any cure, and healthcare providers are also usually victim of such diseases.

The circumstances in which individuals are born and live that have impact on their health are called as social determinants of health. The following are the various factors political, socioeconomic, and cultural constructs, also place conditions like accessible healthcare and education system, clean and safe environmental conditions, good neighbourhood, and availability of nutritious food. The social determinants of health are also the determinants of health. Governmental policies, availability of healthcare, individual behavioural choices, and biological and genetic factors are other notable determinants of health. Examples of social determinants of health include:

• Income level
• Educational opportunities
• Occupation, employment status, and workplace safety
• Early childhood experiences and development
• Social support and community inclusivity

Anti-microbial and comparable drugs, a combination is called as antimicrobial operators, and they have been utilized for the last 70 years to treat patients who have infectious maladies. Anti-microbial resistance is due to the abuse of antimicrobials. Anti-microbial resistance has approach to emergency note in numerous clinics around the world. Diagnostics pathology is a therapeutic division that is bothered with the diagnosis of a disease based on the laboratory analysis of substantial fluids such as blood and urine, as well as tissues, utilizing the apparatuses of chemistry, clinical microbiology and molecular pathology.

Clinical epidemiology can be defined as the investigation and control of the distribution and elements of disease. Clinical Epidemiology has been evolved in modern medicine Trial in which one mediates to prevent or change the course of a disease, is used to evaluate preventive or therapeutic interventions, but can also give strong evidence of causality.

Epidemiology is the study of the natural history of disease, which contains its frequency, severity, and course and the identification of risk factors that affect these aspects. Neuro-epidemiology is the branch of epidemiology dealing with disorders that affect the nervous system. Frequency of disease is measured by population-based rates, which are ratios of the number of cases to the population at risk, shows as cases per unit of population.

Nursing care concentrates on a person’s health that is affected by many factors, including genetic makeup, lifestyle and environment. The points of Intensive and Critical Care Nursing are the advance brilliance of care of basically sick patients by master attendants and their expert partners; Glance on more seasoned individuals with different medical issues can be precarious, notwithstanding for human services experts who have some expertise in Geriatrics, the therapeutic care of more established grown-ups. Mental-emotional well-being nursing is a forte inside nursing.

Histopathology is the study of diseases of the tissues and involves examining tissues under a microscope. Histopathology is the combination of pathology with histology and cytology and usually incorporates morbid dissections. Histopathologists are responsible for making tissue analyze and helping clinicians look after a patient’s care. In clinical medicine, histopathology deals with the examination of a surgical specimen by a pathologist.

• It is one of the least expensive morphological methods.
• Allows for the study of large sections of the tissue sample.
• Can be collected relatively quickly and with little or no risk to the patient.

Maternal and child health is the health of the women during and  post-operative, pregnancy,  childbirth, and the post-partum period. It encloses the health care dimensions of family planning, preconception, prenatal, and postnatal care experience, in most cases, and reduce maternal morbidity and mortality, in other cases. Maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality is more in low-income compared to high-income countries due to poor health systems access as well as utilization of health services.

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related status or events in mother and children and the application of health problems related to mother and child follows a systematic assessment of the health of the women in reproductive age and the children in the community including timely collection of data, analysis, interpretation, and use of Maternal Child Health related data. Mother and child are most vulnerable to the morbidity and mortality. Women and child health epidemiology program highlights the skills to address the health problems of the mother and children through surveillance, assessment, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

Medical tourism is a combination of healthcare and tourism. Medical tourism is increasing day by day internationally as well as domestically.  People travel to foreign countries to get a medical treatment. Due to this medical tourism is facing several problems and challenges, which are technological, language barriers etc. This is an emerging idea for the travel and tourism industry. In early days people used to travel from one country to another, one destination to another for medical treatment like a hot spring bath, medical therapies.  But the current time has changed; now people travel due to many reasons like as to get affordable best medical treatment in the developing country.

Highest quality of life is obtained through population health. Social, behavioral, genetic, financial, cultural statuses are the features which reflect health. Population health not only focuses on population, it also focuses on personalized care of every individual. To accomplish this, healthy lifestyles, health care and well-being of the population ought to accomplish. Patterns of occurrence, resulting knowledge which elaborate policies, and actions to improve health and well-being are the interrelated conditions and factors that influence health population. Areas of wellness are health, safety, connection, growth, attainment and resiliency.