11^th European Epidemiology and Public Health Congress November 19-19, 2021 Paris, France

A vaccine can gives active immunity against specific injurious diseases by stimulating the immune system to attack the agent. After stimulated by a vaccine, the antibody-producing cells, which are ready to acknowledge to the agent should it ever gain entry to the body. A vaccine also confers passive immunity by providing antibodies or lymphocytes already formed by an animal or human donor. Vaccines are generally administered by injection, but some are given orally or even nasally. Vaccines applied to mucosal surfaces, seem to stimulate a greater antibody reaction and may be the most effective route of administration. In addition to the development of memory B cells, vaccination is also favourable at the population level. When a sufficient number of individuals in a population are immune to a disease, as would occur if a huge proportion of a population were vaccinated, herd immunity is achieved. 

The branch of science which deals with the diseases, possible control of diseases and factors connected to health is known as epidemiology. This helps to know patterns and determinants of health and diseases. This is a major aspect for public health as it identifies the risk factors for diseases and targets preventive health care. In simple words epidemiology is, “the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related issues and events in particular population and also application of the study to control health problems”. The word epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and causation of not only epidemic disease, but of disease in common, and even many non-diseases, health-related conditions, such as high blood pressure, depression and obesity. Therefore, this epidemiology is based upon how the type of the disease causes change in the function of human beings.

Health education is a social science that draws from the mental, physical, biological, environmental and medical sciences to endorse health and prevent defects, disease and adolescent death over education-driven amenable behavior change activities. Health education is the growth of individual, group, and community, institutional and systemic strategies to improve health attitudes, skills, knowledge and behavior. The intention of health education is to positively clout the health behavior of individuals and communities as well as the existing and working conditions that influence their health. Health education is any combination of learning experiences planned to facilitate voluntary actions favourable to health. Health promotion is the consolidation of environmental and educational supports for actions and conditions of living favourable to health, thereby including health education.

Importance of Health Education:

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related status or events in mother and children and the application of health problems related to mother and child follows a systematic assessment of the health of the women in reproductive age and the children in the community including timely collection of data, analysis, interpretation, and use of Maternal Child Health related data. Mother and child are most vulnerable to the morbidity and mortality. So it is essential to protect them through appropriate action at each level. Women and child health epidemiology program highlights the skills to address the health problems of the mother and children through surveillance, assessment, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

Hospital Management is a term wide in degree and It mostly identifies with the board of all parts of an emergency clinic; a coordination of all components of a medical clinic. This may go from persistent consideration to record keeping to stock of medications and neatness. To have the option to turn into an emergency clinic the executives proficient requires dealing with every single component of the medical clinic.

Qualities of Hospital Management:

In every medicinal services setting, including emergency clinics, wellbeing focuses and facilities; coordination is the spirit of emergency clinic the executives. Be that as it may, in the emergency clinic setting, having such cutting edge innovation in social insurance offices; a huge group of offices and highlights should be incorporated and synchronized, in this manner need an exacting coordination. Cutting edge innovation is a important factor in the emergency clinic office and capacities.

Public health nursing, also defined as community health nursing is a nursing specialty focused on public health. The term was coined by Lillian Wald of the Henry Street Settlement, or, Public health nurses (PHNs) or community health nurses "integrate community involvement and knowledge about the whole population with personal, clinical understandings of the health and illness experiences of individuals and families in the population. Public health nursing in United States traces back to a nurse named Lillian Wald who, in 1893, established the Henry Street Settlement in New York City and coined the expression "public health nurse". A Public or Community Health Nurse is awaited to comply with the duties and limitations of the American Nurse Association (ANA) publication Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice. Public health nurses work within communities and focus on different areas to develop the overall health of the people within that community.

Emerging infectious diseases‎ are serious public health threats, all around. An emerging infectious disease is either that has appeared and affected a population for the first time, or has existed formerly but is fastly spreading. Various emerging infectious diseases are that the disease has emerged from an animal and crossed the species barrier to infect humans. Nipah virus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and avian influenza virus are samples of diseases that have recently emerged and have affected the world. Emerging infectious diseases pose a significant warning to global health security. Past experience displays that outbreak of emerging diseases could not only potentially cause large numbers of human deaths as they spread, but also have huge social and economic impact in today’s interconnected world. Unfortunately, many of these diseases do not have any cure, and healthcare providers are also usually victim of such diseases.

Medical tourism is a combination of healthcare and tourism. Medical tourism is increasing day by day internationally as well as domestically.  People travel to foreign countries to get a medical treatment. Due to this medical tourism is facing several problems and challenges, which are technological, language barriers etc. Problems will be generated for host country and destination population.  There are many benefits of medical tourism as well as drawbacks. This is an emerging idea for the travel and tourism industry. In early days people used to travel from one country to another, one destination to another for medical treatment like a hot spring bath, medical therapies.  But the current time has changed; now people travel due to many reasons like as to get affordable best medical treatment in the developing country

The circumstances in which individuals are born and live that have impact on their health are called as social determinants of health. The following are the various factors political, socioeconomic, and cultural constructs, also place conditions like accessible healthcare and education system, clean and safe environmental conditions, good neighbourhood, and availability of nutritious food. The social determinants of health are also the determinants of health. Governmental policies, availability of healthcare, individual behavioural choices, and biological and genetic factors are other notable determinants of health. Data and research indicate that the social determinants of health have a higher impact on population health than healthcare and that a higher ratio of social service spending versus healthcare spending results in improved. Examples of social determinants of health include:

Respiratory diseases, or lung diseases, are pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange difficult in air-breathing animals. They include conditions of the respiratory tract involving the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleurae, pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of respiration. Respiratory diseases extent from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, influenza, and pharyngitis to life-threatening diseases such as bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis, acute asthma, lung cancer, and severe acute respiratory syndromes, such as COVID-19. Respiratory diseases can be classified in various ways, including by the organ or tissue involved, by the type and pattern of related signs and symptoms, or by the cause of the disease. The study of respiratory disease is defined as pulmonology. A physician who deals with respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist, a chest medicine specialist, a respiratory medicine specialist, a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist.

Highest quality of life is obtained through population health. Social, behavioral, genetic, financial, cultural statuses are the features which reflect health. Population health not only focuses on population, it also focuses on personalized care of every individual. To accomplish this, healthy lifestyles, health care and well-being of the population ought to accomplish. Patterns of occurrence, resulting knowledge which elaborate policies, and actions to improve health and well-being are the interrelated conditions and factors that influence health population. Wellness means becoming the healthiest you can. According to a survey, there are eight dimensions of wellness: emotional, occupational, physical, social, intellectual, environmental and financial. Individual ought to flourish in all dimensions like body, mind and community for good health. Areas of wellness are health, safety, connection, growth, attainment and resiliency

Climate change is a threat to the health of the people. Now a day the impacts of human-induced climate change are increasing worldwide. Rising greenhouse gas focuses result in increases in temperature, changes in precipitation and rising sea levels. These climate changes damage our health by affecting our food and water sources, the air we breathe, the weather we experience, and natural environments. As the climate continues to change, the risks to human health also continue to grow. The present and future climatic changes bare more people in more places to public health threats. We are already notice the climatic changes such as exposure to high temperatures, severe or longer-lasting extreme events; decreased air quality, diseases transmitted through food, water, and disease vectors like ticks and mosquitoes and mental health stresses and well-being.

Anti-microbial and comparable drugs, a combination is called as antimicrobial operators, and they have been utilized for the last 70 years to treat patients who have infectious maladies. Anti-microbial resistance is due to the abuse of antimicrobials. Anti-microbial resistance has approach to emergency note in numerous clinics around the world. The huge part is engulfed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and numerous multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negatives. These drugs have been executed so broadly and for so long to kill irresistible living beings. Diagnostics pathology is a therapeutic division that is bothered with the diagnosis of a disease based on the laboratory analysis of substantial fluids such as blood and urine, as well as tissues, utilizing the apparatuses of chemistry, clinical microbiology and molecular pathology. It draws a huge number of research facility tests.

Clinical epidemiology can be defined as the investigation and control of the distribution and elements of disease. Clinical Epidemiology has been evolved in modern medicine Trial in which one mediates to prevent or change the course of a disease, is used to evaluate preventive or therapeutic interventions, but can also give strong evidence of causality.

Maternal and child health is the health of the women during and  post-operative, pregnancy,  childbirth, and the post-partum period. It encloses the health care dimensions of family planning, preconception, prenatal, and postnatal care experience, in most cases, and reduce maternal morbidity and mortality, in other cases. Maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality is more in low-income compared to high-income countries due to poor health systems access as well as utilization of health services.

Epidemiology is the study of the natural history of disease, which contains its frequency, severity, and course and the identification of risk factors that affect these aspects. Neuro-epidemiology is the branch of epidemiology dealing with disorders that affect the nervous system. Frequency of disease is measured by population-based rates, which are ratios of the number of cases to the population at risk, shows as cases per unit of population.

Allergies, also described as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases involve hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms may have red eyes, an itchy rash, sneezing, a runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling. Food intolerances and food poisoning are two different conditions. Common allergens include pollen and certain foods. Metals and other substances also cause problems. Food, insect stings, and medications are usual causes of severe reactions. Their progress is due to both genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism include immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binding to an allergen and then to a receptor on mast cells or basophils where it triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals like histamine.

Common Allergic diseases:

Histopathology is the study of diseases of the tissues and involves examining tissues under a microscope. Histopathology is the combination of pathology with histology and cytology and usually incorporates morbid dissections. Histopathologists are responsible for making tissue analyze and helping clinicians look after a patient’s care. In clinical medicine, histopathology deals with the examination of a surgical specimen by a pathologist.

Nursing care concentrates on a person’s health that is affected by many factors, including genetic makeup, lifestyle and environment. The points of Intensive and Critical Care Nursing are the advance brilliance of care of basically sick patients by master attendants and their expert partners; to give a universal and interdisciplinary gathering for the distribution, dispersal and trade of research discoveries, experience and thoughts; to create and improve the information, abilities, states of mind and imaginative deduction basic to great basic care nursing practice. Glance on more seasoned individuals with different medical issues can be precarious, notwithstanding for human services experts who have some expertise in Geriatrics, the therapeutic care of more established grown-ups. Mental-emotional well-being nursing is a forte inside nursing.